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C O N T E N T S

*  The romanization of Korean names in this book follows the <The Jeju 4·3 Incident Investigation 

Report> of 2003. However, names as in the US national report in 1950s are also included in 
bracket. All Korean names are transliterated in the standard fashion: last name first.

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Jeju is a beautiful island located in the southern part of Korea. It is well 

known for its beautiful beaches and mountains, and one of the favouri-

te holiday destinations in South Korea. However, not many people are 

aware that this island was covered by blood 70 years ago.  

“The April 3rd Uprising and Massacre” is a tragic incident that happe-

ned between 1 March 1947 and 21 September 1954 on Jeju Island. It was a 

chaotic period right after the independence from Japan, and the Korean 

peninsula was entering into the Cold War era. Some people, including 

the first president of South Korea and the US government, wanted to 

establish a separate government in South Korea while others wanted to 

establish a unified country with the North. Jeju islanders courageously 

stood up against the division 

of the Korean peninsula and 

strongly  protested  against 

the first election that formed 

the Republic of Korea in the 

South in 1948. Unfortunately, 

military and police officers se-

verely cracked down on Jeju is-

landers. Approximately 30,000 

people (10% of Jeju’s total po-

pulation) lost their lives during 

this period. This booklet is 

Taegeukgi (the national flag of Korea) 
by Jung Younsung

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about this tragic history.

Article 2 of the “Special Act on Discovering the Truth of the Jeju 4·3 

Incident and the Restoration of Honor of Victims” defines the term “Jeju 
4·3 Incident” as “an incident in which the lives of inhabitants were sacri-
ficed in the riot that arose on April 3, 1948, starting from March 1, 1947 

and in the process of armed conflicts and suppression thereof that took 

place in Jeju-do and the suppression thereof until September 21, 1954.”

Before we look into what happened during this period, it is necessary 

to explore the background of the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre to un-

derstand its historical context.

 Liberation from Japan in 1945

On 15 August 1945, Korea 

became independent from 

the 35-year rule of Japan’s 

colonial  empire.  It  was  a 

happy day for most people 

as they were liberated from 

conscription, forced labour, 

and name changing progra-
mme.1)  On the other hand, 

Joy of liberation. Independence movement activists who 
were detained in Seodaemun Prison cheer after being 
released following liberation.

1)  During the Japanese colonization, the Japanese government forced Koreans to change their 

name into Japanese name. 

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for those who colluded with Japan and who wanted to protect their 

wealth by collaborating with the power, independence was a disturbing 

moment. These different views among people were one of the causes of 

tragic incidents after the independence. Both the Daegu Autumn Upri-
sing (1946) and Jeju April 3rd Uprising and Massacre (1948) happened wi-

thin 3 years after the independence, and the Korean War (1950) followed 

around 5 years after the independence. 

Why did independence bring 

difficult times to Koreans?

There are many reasons for the tragic events that followed, such as 

conflicts between the left and the right and/or the US and the Soviet 

Union. However, the fundamental reason was that Koreans were not 

able to gain independence with their own hands. As is well known, Ja-

pan was defeated by the Allied Forces during the Pacific War and they 

lost control over the Korean peninsula. Korea became independent in 

the due process. Koreans were not able to defeat Japan by themselves. 

Then why did 

the Allied Forces fight against Japan?

They fought against Japan, not because they sympathized with the 

Koreans but they wanted to gain power in the Asia-Pacific region. The 

Korean peninsula’s geopolitical situation was too crucial for many coun-

tries and therefore, the North was occupied by the Soviet Union while 

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the South was occupied by the US, even though it was not a defeated 

country. It was unlike Germany, which was divided into two countries 

after the WWII as a defeated country. 

When they came to the Korean peninsula, the US Military Govern-

ment2) announced Proclamation No. 1 by General of the Army Douglas 

MacArthur to the People of Korea, “All powers of Government over 

the territory of Korea south of 38 degrees north latitude and the people 

thereof will be for the present exercised under my authority.” And since 

then, the US Military Government ruled the South for 3 years before the 

Government of the Republic of Korea(South Korea) was established in 
1948. 

Japanese flag in front the Japanese Government-General of Korea is replaced by the US flag

2)   Its full name is the United States Army Military Government in Korea(USAMGIK).

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 Who owned the Korean Peninsula?

It was, of course, the land of Koreans. Therefore, the Koreans could 

not let the US and the Soviet Union rule their own land. Many people 

stood up to establish Korea with their own hands. 

Lyuh Woon-hyung was one such individual. 

When the collapse of Japan was close, some 

people including Lyuh established the “Alliance 

for National Government.” Later, the Alliance 

for National Government was developed into 

the “Committee for the Preparation of Korean 

Independence.” This Committee even tem-

porarily took charge of security maintenance. 

Soon, it changed its name to the “People’s Committee.” This was a pan-

national organization made by Koreans after the collapse of Japanese 

imperialism to establish a new state and it was a genuine grassroots mo-

vement for democracy. Naturally, its branch office was set up in Jeju as 

well. 

However, the US Military Government who occupied the South 

of the Korean peninsula did not recognize the new state made by the 

People’s Committee but declared “the US Military Government” as the 
only “legal” country under the 38th parallel. Since the People’s Com-
mittee gained wide support from the people and was rooted in various 

areas of the country, the US Military Government forcibly dissolved the 

People’s Committee so that they could rule over the country. Under the 

justification of establishing an “effective” ruling system, the US Military 

Lyuh Woon-hyung

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Government rehired officers from the Japanese colonization as their 

officers, instead of punishing them for collaborating with the Japanese 

Empire. This policy antagonized the Koreans even further. 

 Political situation in Jeju after the liberation

After liberation, the 

movement to build a 

new country was acti-

ve in Jeju as well. While 

the People's Commit-

tees in other regions 

were dissolved by the 

US Military Govern-

ment or changed its 

name, the Jeju People's 

Committee remained undiminished and maintained strong social co-

hesion. It was because the power of pro-Japanese was relatively weak 

in Jeju, and many people who joined in the independence movement 

against Japanese imperialism came back to their hometown and then 

became members of the People's Committee. In Jeju, 80% of the farmers 

were independent farmers while the country's average was 40%; thus, 

class conflict also was not that serious. In addition, Jeju had a strong 

community culture that made it easier for the People's Committee to be 

an autonomous organization.

People’s Committee by Kang Yobae

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Most of all, the People's Committee put a lot of effort in education, 

and actively participated in establishing schools. As is clear, the People's 

Committee showed its leadership in Jeju after independence. In a larger 

sense, the US Military Government ruled the country, but the People's 

Committee had more influence in people’s lives on the ground. Therefo-

re, the US Military Government considered the committee an important 

partner, and sent official documents to the People's Committee as they 

did to public offices. E. Grant Meade, an officer from the US Military 

Government, said “The Jeju People’s Committee was the only political 

party in the island and the only organization acting like a government.”

However, as time went by, conflicts between the US Military Govern-

ment and the People's Committee were mounting. Instead of fully enjo-

ying their independence, people faced the situation in which the same 

vicious police officers and corrupt public officers under the Japanese 

colonization continued their positions under the US Military Govern-

ment. The conflict became serious on 1 March 1947, the so-called “March 

1 shooting incident” at the anniversary of the Independence Movement 
of March 1st, 1919. 

In every aspect, the Jeju People’s Committee was 

the only political party and the only government in Jeju island. 

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 Jeju people’s lives after the liberation 

Generally, people are inter-

ested in their daily lives rather 

than politics. If their lives are 

happy,  people  normally  do 

not care much about politics. 

However, at that time, life was 

harsh for Jeju people. After the 

independence, around 60,000 people, who went to Japan during the co-

lonization to earn money, came back to Jeju. As a result, jobs were scarce 

and the society was unstable.

  "After the liberation, many people who left their hometown as workers, 

forced labour, conscription came back to Jeju with a lot of expectations. But there 

was no way to earn money in Jeju. Some people say that the Jeju's April 3rd 

occurred because of the South Korean Labor Party, but that was a secondary 

reason. People resisted because even after the liberation, pro-Japanese were not 

punished, no jobs were available and corrupted police suppressed them." 

- Testimony by Kang Soon-hyun (Oh-hyun Middle School teacher, then 27-years old)

Even worse, when people came back to Jeju from Japan, the US Mili-

tary Government did not allow them to bring money that they earned 

in Japan. During Japanese colonization, daily necessities were imported 

from Japan, but this was not possible after the liberation. As a result, Jeju 

people's economic situation became dire. Moreover, during the summer 

of 1946, cholera broke out in Jeju and there were around 50 patients 

Downtown Jeju after liberation

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daily, in addition to heavy drought which resulted in a shortage of food. 

Under this severe situation, corrupted officers from the Japanese coloni-

zation kept their seats in the US Military Government and continued to 

exploit the people.

Jeju people were outraged because of this injustice. Most of all, young 

people were conscious of the unfair society, and many others joined the 

cause.  

Commemorating the Anniversary of the Independence 

Day Movement of March 1st, 1919 in 1947

Conflicts became visible on the 1 March 1947, the day of the so-called 

“March 1 shooting incident” at the anniversary of the Independence 
Movement of March 1st, 1919. This tragic incident triggered the April 3rd 

Uprising and Massacre.3)  

On 1 March 1947, the commemoration ceremony was held in various 

places in Korea, including Seoul. In Jeju, “the 28th anniversary of the In-

dependence Movement of March 1st, 1919” was held at the Buk Elemen-

tary School in Jeju-si. Unlike in Seoul, where the left wing and right wing 

groups had two separate ceremonies, there was only one ceremony in 

Jeju. By that time, there was no division between the left and the right in 

3)  On 1 March 1919, independence uprising movement against the Japanese colonization was 

held  across  the  Korean  peninsula.  This  was  one  of  the  most  important  momentum  in  the 
independence movement.

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Liberation by Kang Yobae

Jeju. The unprecedented number of people gathered in Jeju, calling for a 

real independence and a better society.

As the situation worsened even after independence, people tried to 

overcome the difficulties by following and remembering the spirit of 

resistance against Japanese colonization in the past. That was the March 
1st Independence Movement commemoration ceremony in Jeju. 

Around 30,000 people gathered at the Buk Elementary School with 

the slogan, “Let's achieve Unification, Independence with the spirit of 
the March 1st.” The Korean people knew that the reason they were su-

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Mounted police officers of the US Military Government 
at that time

ffering even after indepen-

dence was because foreign 

powers were dominating the 

country's fate. Also, Koreans 

worried about the division of 

the country because of the 

US and the Soviet Union. 

Since  the  division  of  the 

country would bring war, 

they called for unification and independence. In other words, Koreans 

believed that if they were able to establish an independent country wi-

thout foreign powers, then social conflicts would be resolved naturally. 

A shooting incident on 1st March triggers 
the April 3rd  Uprising and Massacre 

The tragic incident happened when the ceremony ended. Around 

2pm, after the ceremony at Buk Elementary School, people marched 

toward Jeju Gwandeokjeong Pavilion. When people marched west of the 

Gwandeokjeong Pavilion, a boy was hit by a mounted police officer. The 

police did not pay attention to the injured boy and left, which resulted 

in people's outrage. Outraged people followed the mounted police and 

threw stones at him.

At 2:45 pm, shots were fired. When the marching crowd left the site 

and ran after the mounted police who was running toward the police 

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station, police officers at the 

watchtower of the police sta-

tion fired shots towards the 

crowd. As a result, 6 civilians 

were killed and 8 were injured. 

But by this time, no one imagi-

ned that this shooting incident 

Killing by Kang Yobae

would trigger the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre that resulted in 30,000 

deaths. 

Ahead of the 1 March commemoration ceremony, the US Military Go-

vernment deployed around 100 police officers from the police reserve. 

The police officers who fired the shot on the day were also part of the 

deployment from the mainland.

It was definitely an overreaction by the police against unarmed people. 

Most of the killed people were shot from behind, which is evidence that 

the police aimed at the people who were running. One of them was a 

woman carrying a baby and others were students and bystanders. If it 

was a mistake, the police should have apologized and remedied the si-

tuation. Unfortunately, the police insisted that their action was in self-

defense. Moreover, the police started to arrest and detain those who ini-

tiated the commemoration ceremony of the Independence Movement 
of the March 1st. People were infuriated.

Who ordered the shooting? 

Was it possible to shoot at that time without 

the order of the US Military Government?

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 General strike of Jeju islanders 

Strong resistance and protest by Jeju people started a general strike 

on 10 March 1947 that continued until 22 March. Students refused to 

attend school; vendors did not sell anything in the market; even public 

officers did not go to work. Even though it was difficult for them to sus-

tain their living when they closed their stores, people went on strike as a 
form of protest against the shooting on 1st March. 

If the US Military Government wanted to “install” democracy in Ko-

rea, then it should have listened to the Korean people's voices and agony. 

Unfortunately, the US Military Government reacted in a completely 

opposite manner. They designated Jeju Island as an “Island of Reds” and 

indiscriminately arrested people. According to records, some govern-

ment officers at that time argued, "Originally, 90% of Jeju people are 

tinged with left-wing ideology.” However, studies so far proved that this 

Gwandeokjeong at the time of the general strike by Kang Yobae

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Park Gyeong-hun
The first Jeju governor 
under the US Military 
Government

argument is unjustifiable and not based on facts. 

The whole island was furious against the US Mili-

tary Government’s policy. 

There were some people who tried to find a 

rational solution from the situation. The then 

Jeju governor, Park Gyeong-hun, submitted a 

resignation letter as a form of protest, saying that 

he would take responsibility for all troubles as 

a governor. He issued a statement that included expressions such as 

“independence is not complete even after the liberation," "all 300,000 

Jeju people are expressing condolences to the killed people of this tragic 

incident," and "for our unified independence in the future." From these 

expressions, we can imagine the situation of Koreans at that time. 

However, these efforts were not effective since the US Military Go-

vernment continued to suppress Jeju islanders instead of listening to 

their voices. Around 550 people were arrested in a month after the com-

memoration ceremony and 245 people were detained. Before the April 
3rd Uprising in 1948, around 2,500 people were arrested in a year. This 
means that most of the smart young people were arrested by the US 
Military Government. The Jeju April 3rd Uprising did not happen all of a 

sudden. Jeju people's animosity toward the US Military Government had 

piled up under this unjust environment.

Within a month, 500 people were arrested and 245 people were

detained among who joined the March 1st commemoration ceremony.

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 Seobuk Youth Association and Jeju Island 

Seobuk Youth Association(Northwest Korean Youth Association) was 

a group of people (landowners) who were forced to leave North Korea 

because of political changes, such as land reform and punishment of 

the pro-Japanese groups. It was natural that they were hostile to the left 

wing. They learnt that Jeju Island was the “Island of Reds,” and therefo-

re, killing Jeju Islanders was not a crime to them. Together with police 

officers from the mainland, Seobuk Youth Association was deployed to 
Jeju island after the 1st March 1947 incident, ordered by the US Military 

Government. They were given the title of “police officers” but no wage 
was given, and therefore, they looted Jeju Islanders in order to survive. 

Seobuk Youth Association. During the whole period of the Jeju April 3rd Uprising and Massacre, 
Seobuk Youth Association caused unforgettable trauma on Jeju islanders. 

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  "When a request was made by the government to come to a region where 

the leftists went wild, Seobuk Youth Association was deployed. What objective 

standards could we have? One example was Jeju Island. Jo Byeong-ok(Chough 

Pyung-ok), head of the police, called us as soon as the April 3rd incident happened. 

He said that a big incident happened on Jeju Island and requested us to send 

around 500 people, equipped with anti-communism, as riot police."

- Moon Bong-jae (head of the then Seobuk Youth Association)

Taking responsibility for the 10 March General Strike, Park Gyeong-

hun, the first Jeju governor under the US Military Government, resig-

ned. As his successor, Yoo Hae-jin(Ryu Hai-chin) assumed the position 

on 10 April 1947 and he came with seven members of the Seobuk Youth 
Association. Since then, until the April 3rd Uprising in 1948, around 760 

members of the Seobuk Youth Association entered the Island. Later, 

1,700 members were added. At the beginning, they wore police officers’ 

costumes and later, soldiers’ costumes.

  When we found out that our schoolmate Kim Yong-cheol died at Jocheon 

police box after being tortured, our anger toward the police and the Seobuk Youth 

Association grew. So, we handed out brochures “No more vicious police!” We were 

shocked watching people who initiated the April 3rd  Uprising getting killed by the 

police. It was not possible to live in my village due to the police and the Seobuk 

Youth Association, so I went into the mountain in February 1948. I was a second-

year student of Jocheon middle school. I did not expect for this situation to 

continue  for  that  long.  By  coincidence,  I  met  Lee  Duk-koo,  the  second 

commander-in-chief of the guerrilla unit. He used to be my school teacher and I 

was happy to see him. He looked at me with an anxious face and asked me why I 

was there, and not studying.                           

- Kim Min-joo (17-years old at that time)

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 3 April 1948 

Let's now talk about what happened on 3 April 1948. It was a month 

before the first election on May 10, which was held by only South Ko-

reans and formed the Republic of Korea in the South. As mentioned ear-

lier, Jeju islanders were in great anguish because of the oppression by the 

Seobuk Youth Association, who were above the law. The South-Korean-

only election made the Korean peninsula more restless. If the country 

were to be divided into two, a war might occur.  In fact, the Korean War 

occurred two years later, and tensions between the North and the South 

have been heightened since then. Those who invaded the police stations 
on April 3rd strongly opposed the division of the country. This is how 

and why the April 3rd Uprising started. On the day, 12 out of 24 police 

stations were invaded and 14 were killed. Armed resistance group an-
nounced “Resist against the Oppression!” 

There's no other choice between 'sit 

and killed' and 'stand up and fight.

However, Jeju was not the only place where this kind of uprising oc-

curred. Many Koreans did not want a divided country after the hard-

won independence from Japan. Since a division of a country may bring 

war, they refused to hold the South-Korean-only election. Therefore, 

other parts of Korea also had similar uprisings. When the uprising first 

rose in Jeju, people thought that the police force was enough to calm 

people down and would not require an army. If various parties could 

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Attack by Kang Yobae. Imagery of the night of uprising

have solved the problem peacefully through dialogue and negotiation at 

that time, the incident would not have deteriorated into a situation that 

resulted in 30,000 victims. Unfortunately, severe crackdown was waiting 

for Jeju islanders instead of a peaceful solution.

 28 April Peace Negotiation and Arson of Ora-ri 

The police under the US Military Government propagated the April 

3rd Uprising as a “disturbance by communists related to the North.” 
However, it was proven wrong. Even at that time, many people pointed 

out that this accusation was not based on facts. Public Prosecutor Ge-

neral Lee In pointed out, “The behaviour of wicked officers of the US 

Military Government was the major cause of the Incident.” 

The Korea Constabulary(army) also identified that the nature of this 

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Key people of the Peace Negotiation
Kim Dal-sam(left), Kim Ik-ryeol(right)

incident was a conflict between Jeju islanders and the police and Seobuk 

Youth Association, hence, they were reluctant to intervene. However, as 

time went by, the Korea Constabulary had no choice but to crack down 

on Jeju islanders under the command of the US military army. At the 

end of April, the US Military Government ordered the army to crack 
down on the April 3rd Uprising. 

a negotiation table was set up with the armed resistance group who 
initiated the April 3rd Uprising. On 28 April 1948, the 9th Regiment com-

mander Kim Ik-ryeol and the organization department head of armed 

resistance group Kim Dal-sam (his real name was Lee Seung-jin) finally 

reached a significant and successful conclusion after a heated debate. 

They agreed upon completely ceasing battles within 72 hours, gradual 
disarmament and guaranteed safety of armed resistance group.

If these agreements had only been implemented, the April 3rd Mas-

sacre would not have happened. However, sabotage actions to break the 

Peace Negotiation started on 1 May. On 1 May, only three days after the 

Peace Negotiation, unidentified men, disguised as the armed resistance 

group, set fire in Yeonmi Village, Ora-ri. This was the so-called Arson of 

Meanwhile,  Kim  Ik-

ryeol(Kim  Ik-yul),  the 
Commander  of  the  9th 

Regiment tried to solve 

the situation peacefully. 

As a result, on 28 April, 

less than a month after 
the  April  3rd  Uprising, 

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Ora-ri. The US Military Government documented this arson from the 

sky and the ground, and it soon became a propaganda documentary film 

titled Cheju-Do May Day. It was later found that the fire was set by the 

right-wing Seobuk Youth Association but at that time, this arson was 

fabricated as a fire set by the armed resistance group to break the agree-

ment, and it had a decisive effect on the annulment of the agreement. It 

was clear that the US Military Government was behind this fabrication.

On 3 May, civilians who came down from the mountains, trusting the 

Peace Agreement, were shot by police officers who disguised themselves 

as the armed resistance group. It was planned so that the armed resis-

tance group could be blamed for breaking the Peace Negotiation with 

the aim to annul the agreement. 

The US Military Government dismissed Kim Ik-ryeol who realized 

what was going on and strongly criticized it. Park Jin-gyeong(Park Chin-

kyung), a hardliner, was appointed as the Regimental Commander, 

replacing Kim Ik-ryeol. Park Jin-gyeong served as a second lieutenant of 

the Japanese army during the Japanese colonial period and was favored 

Arson of Ora-ri   It was later found that it was fabricated by 
the right wing group. 

by William F. Dean, head 

of the US Military Gover-

nment. His position was 

completely different from 

that of Kim Ik-ryeol. At his 

inauguration, he said “In 

order to suppress a riot in 

Jeju, it is fine if 300,000 

Jeju people are victimized.”

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People of Halla Mountain by Kang Yobae. 

Imagery of people who climbed the mountain to boycott the 10 May General Election 

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 The breakdown of the May 10 General Election 

On 10 May 1948, a general election was held for the first time in the 

South. To establish a government, it was necessary to elect parliamen-

tarians to enact the Constitution. As mentioned earlier, some people 

were concerned that the South-Korea-only election might bring war in 

the future and thus refused to hold such an election. Kim Koo, the last 

Premier of the Provisional Government of Korea during the Japanese 

colonization and later a Korean nationalist politician, said “Even though 
I collapse on the 38th parallel, I cannot cooperate with the establishment 
of a divided country.”

People who refused to vote and entered the mountain are walking down the mountain

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This was also the known cause of the April 3rd Uprising by the Jeju 

chapter of the South Korean Labor Party. For this reason, the 10 May 

election was not held properly in Jeju. Two out of three constituencies 

in Jeju boycotted the General Election and therefore, only one parlia-

mentarian was elected instead of three. The breakdown of the 10 May 
General Election heralded a tragic event in Jeju. 

 Two governments in one country  

Even though the General Election to elect members of the Consti-

tuent Assembly was not properly held in Jeju, election was held in other 

parts of the country. 

Members of the Consti-

tuent Assembly were elec-

ted and they announced 

the first Constitution was 

proclaimed on 17 July 1948. 

Against  this  backdrop, 

the Republic of Korea was 

formed on 15 August 1948 

and the first president was 

Rhee Syng-man. Then the 

North  rapidly  declared 

their  own  government. 

Democratic People’s Re-

Two separate governments were established on the 
Korean peninsula

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20

public of Korea(North Korea) was established on 9 September 1948. 

In any case, it was an important chapter in Korean history. Unfortuna-

tely, this history became a horror for the Jeju people. After establishing 

the government, Rhee Syng-man wanted to remove any obstacles of his 

legitimacy. For him, the Jeju islanders who strongly resisted against the 

South-Korea-only election were a nuisance. 

At the same time, a process of the United Nations approving the new 

government was scheduled in December 1948 and this made Rhee im-

patient. To be approved on an international level, domestic issues had to 

be cleared up by December 1948. The US Military Government, which 

was supposed to leave Korea by the end of 1948, was also running out of 

patience and wanted to clear up issues before its withdrawal. Unfortu-
nately, what they chose was total destruction, instead of peace. 

 Era of madness since the fall of 1948  

Severe crackdown started from 17 October 1948. Song Yo-chan(Song 

You-chan), who was appointed as the 9th Regimental Commander, an-

nounced a decree to “impose quarantine on the area further inland than 

5km from the coastline of Jeju Island and in the mountainous area. Tho-

se who defy the quarantine, no matter what the reason is, will be recog-

nized as rioters and be shot to death.” This was a decree that seriously 

violated human rights and killed Jeju people without any legal process. 

This also violated the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of 

the Crime of Genocide(Geneva Convention), which stipulates “people 

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who do not take part in the fighting should be protected and respected, 

and must be treated humanely” to protect prisoners of wars and civi-

lians. 

5km

Quarantine

Quarantine 5km from the coastline of Jeju

On 17 November of the same year, the Martial Law was declared. 

Originally, the Martial Law was a temporary measure to allow the army 

to take control of judicial, legislative and administrative powers of the 

country under the state of emergency. It is still doubtful that Jeju island 

at that time was at that level of crisis to justify Martial Law. 

Even though the announcement of Martial Law was justified, it 

was(and still is) illegal to kill 

people without proper legal 

process.  However,  most 

villages  situated  in  the 

middle of Mt. Halla were 

burnt down and villagers 

who were not able to leave 

the villages were brutally 

killed. Women, children,  Rhee Syng-man encouraged the army dispatched to Jeju

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Cry of Sky by Kang Yobae.

Imagery of people who were forced to leave their village under the Operation Scorched Earth

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and the elderly were no exception. These killings were illegal even 

during the war, and this merciless carnage continued for a while even 

though it was not during the war. Cruel and brutal killings at that time 

are too horrendous to describe in this booklet. 

At the beginning, the number of armed resistance identified by the 

military and the police was around 500. However, to crack down on 500 

people, they sacrificed 30,000 people. During that process, evil and uni-

maginable acts were committed. This is why people call this period “an 

era of madness.”  The era of madness continued until the spring of 1949. 

Young people who wished to clean up deep-rooted evil from Japanese 

colonization and establish a unified country escaped to the mountain 
areas, smuggled themselves into Japan, or got killed if they stayed in Jeju. 

Wailing by Park Kyung-hoon

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 National Day of Commemoration, April 3rd  

The Jeju April 3rd Uprising and Massacre was a tragic incident in 

which the casualties are second only to the Korean War in modern Ko-

rean history. Most Jeju people are directly related to this tragic history. 

Even so, the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre has been a taboo for a 

very long time. Those who were in or close to power were responsible 

for this tragedy, and therefore, systematically concealed the event. Deep-

rooted evil from the time of Japanese colonization were still in existence, 

and it managed to silence the people.

Excavation of remains at the Jeju International Airport. 
This excavation project started 60 years after the massacre. 127 bodies were found in 2007 and 
261 bodies were found from 2008 to 2009. Some bodies are still buried under the airport. 
The third excavation is scheduled in 2018. 

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Eventually, history reveals the truth. Forced silence cannot last fore-

ver. Many people courageously exerted efforts into raising voices of the 
Jeju people related to the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre. Crackdown 

by the government was expected in the process of seeking the truth of 
the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre, so great courage and sacrifice were 

required to find the truth. 

June Democratic Uprising in 1987 which served as a momentum for 

democratization in South Korea also motivated people to talk about the 
April 3rd Uprising and Massacre. On 3 April 1989, people held a comme-

moration ceremony of the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre in public for 

the first time. These fearless efforts shed light on the truth of the April 
3rd Uprising and Massacre. 

Memorial ceremony for the victims of the April 3rd Massacre. Every year, a memorial ceremony for 
the victims of the April 3rd Massacre is held at 10am on 3 April at the April 3rd Peace Park.

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The efforts of ordinary but courageous people resulted in the <Special 

Act on Discovering the Truth of the Jeju 4·3 Incident and the Restoration 

of Honor of Victims> of 2000 and <The Jeju 4·3 Incident Investigation 

Report> of 2003. Soon after, the then President Roh Moo-hyun made an 

official apology by saying “I, as the President, holding the responsibility 

of government, accept the Committee’s suggestion and truly extend my 

official apology for the wrongdoings of those national authorities in the 
past.” In 2014, Park Geun-hye administration designated April 3rd as the 

National Day of Commemoration. 

 The April 3rd Uprising and Massacre is not over yet

Sadly, the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre is not yet resolved. Many 

obstacles are still found in different parts of the country. Even though 

Koreans impeached former President Park Geun-hye, rooted corruption 

Official apology by the former President Roh Moo-hyun

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still continues to exist. 

This applies to the April 

3rd Uprising and Massacre. 
No one was punished for the 

vicious and tragic past as a 

perpetrator. Worse yet, it is 

not even clear who the said 

perpetrators are. For a long 

time, those who are responsible for the massacre denounced the spirit 
of the April 3rd Uprising and Massacre as “communism” instead of apo-

logizing for what they did. No proper acknowledgement was given to 

those who were killed while protesting against the division of a country 

and war. They are simply mentioned as “victims” or even considered as 

offenders against state power. They were even framed as "reds" and as is 

clear, being called "reds" justified all illegal actions against them.

What Jeju islanders wanted to achieve was a united

and peaceful country without the threat of war. 

Unfortunately, their efforts failed and now, the Korean peninsula is 

one of the countries with the highest risk of a possible war. The political 

situation is unstable because we do not know when a war might break 

out. If a unified country had only been established 70 years ago, these 
tensions and anxiety would not exist. This is why the April 3rd Uprising 

and Massacre is an ongoing issue. 

By any chance, do you know how much the South Korean annual 

Unnamed Monument. The unnamed monument is 
exhibited at the entrance of the April 3rd Peace Park 
exhibition hall. 

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national defense budget is? As of 2017, it is around 40 trillion Korean 

Won (=40 billion USD). Can you even imagine how big this number is? 

40 trillion Korean Won equates to a salary for 1 million people with an 

annual income of 40,000 USD. Currently, youth unemployment rate 

is very high in South Korea. If the country was not divided into two, we 

could have used a large portion of the national defense budget for social 

welfare. Then, people’s lives could have been filled with more happiness 

than now. 

The April 3rd Uprising and Massacre is still ongoing. It is between 

people who insist on “starting a war” and “no war.” Which side are you 

going to be on?

 Remember the Jeju April 3rd Uprising and Massacre

The Jeju April 3rd Uprising and Massacre started from the 1st March 

commemoration ceremony in 1947 and it was an expression of Jeju 

Islanders’ aspiration for a unified country. It was not only those of Jeju 
Islanders but of all Koreans. At the same time, the Jeju April 3rd Uprising 

and Massacre is a tragic history where people’s right to life was brutally 

violated and destroyed by the state forces. It reminds us of the impor-

tance of people’s lives and human rights. 

Jeju Island which suffered from the conflicts between different ideo-

logies and went through a catastrophic tragedy during the Cold War 
should be reborn as the island of peace. The Jeju April 3rd Uprising and 

Massacre must be remembered to avoid repeating the tragic past.

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Candlelight Revolution in South Korea, 2016

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Publication date    March 2018

Published by
Memorial Committee for the 70th anniversary of
the Jeju April 3rd Uprising and Massacre

Designed by 

GAK

E-mail 

43jeju70@gmail.com

Homepage 

www.4370jeju.net

Facebook 

www.facebook.com/43jeju70/

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Victims of Jeju 4·3

Source: Jeju April 3rd Incident Investigation Report 

Above 500

Between 400 and 500

Between 300 and 400

Between 200 and 300

Between 100 and 200

Between 50 and 100

Between 1 and 50